Pupil size is also modulated by the balanced activity of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems ( 6, 7). Although HR is predominantly linked to the parasympathetic system and parasympathetic activation decreases HR, it is antagonistically controlled by both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity which can produce increased or decreased HR, respectively ( 3, 4). The sympathetic nervous system controls sweat gland activity, and increases in sympathetic activity produce corresponding increases in GSR ( 5).
#BLOWN PUPIL ACID SKIN#
Galvanic skin response (GSR) is an independent index of sympathetic activity while heart rate (HR) is predominantly controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system ( 1– 4). Fluctuations in arousal are commonly linked to changes of the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in the autonomic nervous system. Physiological arousal constantly changes throughout the day, and this fluctuation greatly influences behavior and performance. Overall, these results demonstrated a trial-by-trial relationship between pupil size and HR or GSR, suggesting that pupil size can be used as an index for arousal level involuntarily regulated by the autonomic nervous system. However, task-evoked pupil responses after face presentation only correlated with HR. Trial-by-trial positive correlations between pupil diameter and HR and GSR were found before face presentation, with larger pupil diameter observed on trials with higher HR or GSR. We hypothesized that a positive correlation between pupil size and HR or GSR would be observed both before and after face presentation. Human participants fixated various emotional face stimuli, of which low-level visual properties were carefully controlled, while their pupil size, HR, GSR, and eye position were recorded simultaneously. The goal of this study was to understand how pupil size is modulated by autonomic arousal. Although a growing number of studies have used pupil size to indicate the level of arousal, research that directly examines the relationship between pupil size and HR or GSR is limited. Fluctuations in arousal are regulated by the autonomic nervous system, which is mainly controlled by the balanced activity of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, commonly indexed by heart rate (HR) and galvanic skin response (GSR), respectively. 3Research Center of Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, TaiwanĪrousal level changes constantly and it has a profound influence on performance during everyday activities.2Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.1Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.Chin-An Wang 1,2,3 * † Talia Baird 1 † Jeff Huang 1 Jonathan D.
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